By now you’e probably read about the Olympic women’s boxing match in which a genetic male’s blows were so hard that the female opponent gave up after 46 seconds, in dramatic fashion:
Italy’s Angela Carini quit 46 seconds into her Olympic boxing match with Imane Khelif on Thursday, after the Algerian – who failed a gender eligibility test last year – landed the first significant punch of the fight.
The pair were competing in the women’s 66kg category, in a round-of-16 bout in Paris, but the fight had barely begun before it came to a premature end.
After an early pause in the fight, due to Carini needing to adjust her head guard, Khelif landed a clean right hand. Almost immediately, Carini motioned to her team and opted against continuing, with the referee waving off the contest. …
After Khelif’s hand was raised, Carini dropped to her knees in tears. Before and after that moment, the Italian twice seemed to ignore Khelif’s attempts to console her.
Carini could also be heard telling her coach, “It’s not right, it’s not right!” before promptly leaving the arena. The Telegraph and BBC reported that Carini had suffered a suspected broken nose, and the 25-year-old soon told reporters that she had never been punched so hard in her career. Khelif, also 25, did not stop to answer questions.
Initially I imagined – as you may have also assumed – that Khelif was transgender. But, although we don’t know the details, that’s apparently not the case. Khelif is definitely a genetic male: XY. But he may have something called androgen insensitivity syndrome, which muddies the waters somewhat.
When I was in grad school I had to memorize a huge list of such sex/gender anomalies. They are all rare but they are true cases in which it can sometimes be difficult to assign a sex. For example, for androgen insensitivity, the genetic male’s body cannot use its testosterone and the person becomes feminized to a greater or lesser degree. At times, the phenotype is completely female and such a person probably would do well and not have an unfair advantage if allowed to enter women’s sports. However – and it’s a big however – some people with the disorder are predominantly male in appearance. If Khelif has this condition, he would be of the latter type, and IMHO should not be competing against women.
You can read about it here:
There are two categories of androgen insensitivity syndrome: complete and partial.
In complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, the body does not respond to androgen at all. This form of the syndrome occurs in as many as 1 in 20,000 births.
In partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, the body responds partially to androgen. Partial androgen insensitivity occurs at about the same rate as complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Babies born with the “complete” type appear to be girls, are raised as girls, and often don’t find out they are XY until they try to have children. But babies born with the partial type exhibit a wide range of possible symptoms:
Babies born with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome may have sexual characteristics that are typical of a male, a female, or both. They may have a partial closing of the outer vagina, an enlarged clitoris and a short vagina. They may be raised as males or as females and have a male or female gender identity.
Other symptoms of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome include failure of one or both of the testicles to descend into the scrotum after birth and an abnormal penis in which the urethra opens on the underside, instead of at the tip. In the least severe cases, the only sign of androgen insensitivity syndrome is male infertility.
As I said, so far the Olympics officials are keeping mum on exactly what’s going on with Khelif, but my guess is that it really is a case of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. But because Khelif appears to be quite far down on the “mild” scale of things, he (and I think on the whole that’s the proper pronoun for Khelif) should not be allowed to compete in women’s sports.
The Olympics officials probably based their decision on Khelif’s testosterone level. But that’s irrelevant at this point, because he quite obviously has a male phenotype in terms of musculature and almost certainly had enough testosterone getting into his system during adolescence to make permanent changes in his strength that make him more like a man than the women he is facing in the ring.

