Yesterday there was a lot of back-and-forth in the comments of this post about the relation between violent crime and religious belief. One of the comments was by Richard Saunders, and it went like this:
If I don’t believe in God and some kind of judgement and reward or punishment after death, why should I not give into my basest impulses, take a room on the 34th floor of a Las Vegas hotel, and open fire onto a concert below, and then kill myself?
It’s a somewhat rhetorical question, because of course Richard Saunders isn’t saying that most atheists are mass murderers. It’s really asking whether religion is a major force that stops people who would otherwise be committing violent crimes from following through and actually doing it.
The answer is that we don’t know, but there have been attempts to find out. And, as with most social science research, it’s hard to get a clear idea of what’s going on.
Later in the comments, Roy Nathanson responded to Richard Saunders this way:
In fact, there is a negative correlation [between violence and religious belief] at all levels. The most secular countries are also the least violent. And the prison population in the U.S. has a far lower percentage of atheists than the general population.
The same commenter later added (on the specific topic of the religious beliefs of mass shooters), after some further back-and-forth:
…[I]t turns out that mass shooters do have a strong tendency toward a lack of religiosity. In this case, I think that the lack of religiosity is simply one more symptom of the root cause, which is a near total isolation from society. The people who commit mass shootings are typically isolated loners. It isn’t that they don’t go to church, it is that they don’t engage in any social interactions that would reinforce their natural empathy for other people. They see everyone as “them” and no one as “us”.
It was the statements that Roy Nathanson offered on violent crime in general as it correlates with religion that interested me enough to write the present post: in particular, that “the most secular countries are also the least violent” and that “the prison population in the U.S. has a far lower percentage of atheists than the general population.”
As both participants in that discussion know (and as I’m assuming just about everyone here knows), correlation is not causation. Just to take one example, religiousness is more common in less educated people, and violent crime is more common among them as well. So is it something about religion that reduces violent crime, or something about education—or is it some other factor they have in common?
In addition, crime in the US is far more prevalent in certain ethnic groups, and those groups also happen to have much lower rates of atheism. But that doesn’t mean atheism vs. religiosity is an important independent variable for those groups.
So we have this sort of discussion about religion and murder, for example:
And within America, the states with the highest murder rates tend to be the highly religious, such as Louisiana and Alabama, but the states with the lowest murder rates tend to be the among the least religious in the country, such as Vermont and Oregon.
But what else is different about those two groups of states? The low-murder states are richer and they are whiter (those are not the only differences, of course).
Louisiana is about 1/3 black, and it is the 48th richest state (in other words, one of the very poorest). Alabama is the 46th richest state and it is a little over a quarter black. Both states are highly religious, with up to 90% of the population reporting being affiliated with a religion.
In contrast, Vermont is the 21st richest state and it is 1.27% black, and 63% of its people are religiously affiliated (still rather high, actually). Oregon is number 26 in wealth and has 1.9% black people, and 69% religiously-affiliated people. Very similar to Vermont.
So what causes those high crime rates in those two states? It certainly can’t be ascribed to being religious, just from those figures. All was can see are the correlations.
For that matter, we don’t know why black people have higher crime rates, either, although the issue certainly has been studied rather heavily. Some say it’s because the police are bigoted and target black people. Some say it’s poverty. Or family breakdown. Or any number of other things.
I’m not about to be able to answer the question. But I would wager very strongly that the cause is not the higher rate of religious affiliation among black people.
An interesting study would compare, for example, the violent crime rates of religious black people with the violent crime rates of non-religious black people, matched for socio-economic levels and education. Then you’d be getting somewhere, although I doubt you’d get a definitive answer. But the data at least would be more relevant.
Apparently there hasn’t been a ton of previous research on that sort of thing, but here’s an excerpt from a 2014 review of the picture. It seems to support the thesis that religiousness is negatively correlated with violent crime rather than positively correlated with it:
Chamlin and Cochran’s (1995) state-level analysis finds that, among other indicators of the strength of non-economic institutions, state religious participation dampened the criminogenic effect of poverty. Similarly, Jang and Johnson (2001) find that individual religiosity moderates the effect of neighborhood disorder on drug use by augmenting the social control of youth living in disadvantaged and disorganized communities, just as Pearce et al. (2003) observe that personal religiosity reduces the criminogenic effect of exposure to neighborhood violence.
That same article contained new research as well, by doing a county-by-county and race by race comparison of crime rates and religious affiliation rates, with some interesting results [emphasis mine]:
The dependent variables in this study are county-level White, Black, and Latino violent index arrest rates (sum of arrests for homicide, aggravated assault, forcible rape, robbery) averaged across the 1999-2001 period…
We focus on three unique dimensions of the religious contexts in our sample of counties. First, total religious adherence is measured as the proportion of the county’s population that adheres to a religious institution recorded by the RCMS, as indicated by affiliation or regular attendance in a congregation. Second, civically-engaged religious adherence is measured as the proportion of the county’s population that adheres to a religious institution recognized as being more civically-engaged than the national average according to the General Social Survey (see Tolbert et al. 1998; Lee and Bartkowski 2004). Third, religious homogeneity is measured as the relative diversity of the religious adherents within a county…
Additionally, we include four race/ethnic specific disadvantage indicators – poverty, unemployment, education, and female headship – that have emerged as important macro-structural characteristics in criminological theory and prior empirical research…
First, total religious adherence is negatively related to violent crime for Whites and Blacks, net of other key measures. That is, the greater the proportion of a county’s population that is religious, the lower the violent crime rate for Whites and Blacks (we note also that the effect for Latinos is in the expected direction, though not significant at p< .05). However, there are no significant differences across Whites, Blacks, and Latinos in the relationship between total religious adherence and violence. F-tests for differences were all non-significant (p>.10, two tailed), suggesting that religious adherence has roughly equivalent associations with violence across race/ethnic groups.
Second, civically-engaged religious adherence has a statistically significant, negative association with White violent crime (p< .001), but not Black or Latino violent crime…
Third, religious homogeneity is associated with statistically significant reductions in violence for Blacks (p< .05) and Latinos (p<.01), but not Whites. Put another way, Black and Latino violence is lower in counties where adherents belong to similar types of religious institutions…
Fourth, other key macro-structural characteristics, particularly concentrated disadvantage, have the expected criminogenic (positive) association with violence for all three racial and ethnic groups. That is, a greater confluence of poverty, unemployment, female headship, and low education in a county is associated with increased violent crime rates for Whites, Blacks, and Latinos. Likewise, racial/ethnic heterogeneity (or the diversity of a county’s population) also has important criminogenic effects for Whites in all three models, but appears to reduce Black violence net of religious contextual characteristics and other key controls.
Much more at the link.
So there you have it. What little data we have seems to indicate the religious affiliation reduces violent crime somewhat. Once again, though, we don’t know whether there is some other variable that differentiates religious people from non-religious people that is really what is influencing the statistic. After all, religiousness is not randomly distributed in the population.