I hate to belabor this point about Biden and his lack of a PSA test, but I find I need to make a couple more things clear.
Just as I had speculated, it turns out that Biden hadn’t had a PSA test in many years – since 2014, actually. So many people are shocked by this, but in fact he was simply following current guidelines.
And the advice not to have the test after the age of 70 – something I wrote about in 2011 – isn’t some craziness. Although I personally would suggest that older men have them anyway, that’s not necessarily the best idea and there are valid reasons to disagree. Having the test when very elderly is a gamble, because it is not at all certain that the test saves lives in terms of outcomes, and the interventions put men through a lot. And by “a lot” I mean a high incidence of serious urinary pain and/or incontinence, bowel and rectal injuries, infections from the biopsy process, impotence, and cognitive problems from the hormone therapy.
It’s a sobering situation and a grueling treatment at that age, and it had better be worth it in terms of added years of quality life. Is it worth it? Difficult to predict, but here’s a lengthy article on the pros and cons. The situation is complicated, as you might imagine. A few key excerpts (from 2010, but it’s not all that different today, from what I’ve learned according to the several older men I know with prostate cancer):
Although advanced age alone should not preclude effective treatment for prostate cancer, it is necessary to assess the risks and benefits of treatment in each patient to avoid interventions that might decrease health-related quality of life (HRQL) without prolonging survival. …
Life-expectancy is a major determinant of the potential for benefit from therapy beyond palliative care, yet it varies substantially between individuals within a given age group. Life-expectancy estimates apply to a population and represent a useful tool for public healthcare, but are not valid for a given individual. For example, 75-year-old men are expected to live for a further 8.3 years (median), but 25% (the upper quartile; likely to represent healthy individuals) will live for at least 14.2 years, whereas another 25% (the lower quartile; likely to represent frail individuals with significant comorbid conditions) will live for 4.9 years. Thus, although it is not possible to calculate the exact chance of survival for an individual, variables such as the number and severity of comorbidities and the extent of functional impairment can be used to predict the chance of surviving within an age group. Hence, it has been shown by Tewari et al. that comorbidity evaluated by the Charlson index was the strongest predictor of death from other than prostate cancer in men with localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). Age was also a significant predictor of outcome, although to a lesser extent than comorbidity …
Health status influences patient survival and might affect the ability to tolerate treatment-related side-effects. …
The benefits and harms of ADT [androgen deprivation therapy – in other words, testosterone blockers] for localized prostate cancer should be carefully balanced in older men. Attention is drawn to an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular complications, and osteoporosis and bone fractures. …
Screening in older men with prostate cancer is highly controversial. Individualized screening decisions should be based on patient health status but not on chronological age.
You can find more information on the topic here.
However, this article from 2016 recommends that men over 70 should have PSA testing:
But PSA can’t be interpreted if a man doesn’t get his PSA tested. Population studies have shown that “men diagnosed at 75 years or older account for 48 percent of metastatic cancers and 53 percent of prostate cancer deaths, despite representing only 26 percent of the overall population,” says Tran, Clinical Director of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences.
Why are older men more likely to die from prostate cancer? To find out, the team studied 274 men over age 75 who underwent radiation therapy for prostate cancer. “We found that men who underwent PSA testing were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer, and that men with either no PSA testing or incomplete testing (either a change in PSA was not followed up, or a biopsy was not performed when it was indicated) had more than a three-fold higher risk of having high-risk disease at diagnosis, when adjusted for other clinical risk factors,” says Tran.
Although this was a small study and more research is needed, Walsh says, “we believe that PSA screening should be considered in very healthy older men.”
When I started learning about prostate cancer from the older men I know who were diagnosed with it and treated for it, I was very surprised to learn that aggressive cancer is not uncommon in that age group. I had previously thought it was almost unheard of, but that is certainly not true. And yet it’s apparently a common misconception.
This is the case concerning aggressive prostate cancer in general:
“It’s a very common scenario,” said Dr. Matthew Smith of Massachusetts General Brigham Cancer Center. Men can “feel completely well and a diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer could come as quite a surprise.”
Guidelines recommend against prostate cancer screening for men 70 and older so Biden may not have been getting regular PSA blood tests, Smith said. What’s more, while the PSA test can help flag some cancers in some men, it does not do a great job of identifying aggressive prostate cancer, Smith said.
That conforms with what I’ve personally learned, prior to Biden’s news. I believe a lot of people either think a PSA for older men is worthless, or they think it’s a panacea. It’s neither; it’s somewhere in between.
