You may recall that I’ve written about the content/process distinction before, particularly here:
When I was studying interpersonal communication and how to track an argument, one thing that was very much emphasized was the difference between content and process. Content is just what it sounds like: the subject matter about which two people (let’s say, a married couple) are arguing. “Did you do the dishes last night?” Process is everything else—for example, the emotion with which something is said, the type of vocabulary used, tone, repetition, body language, and the unspoken subtext.
Some of the most confusing disputes are the ones where one person begins an argument on the content level and the other person introduces a process rebuttal at some point. It can be especially tricky when someone switches back and forth between one level and the other in rapid succession. In the heat of the moment, the other person can fail to notice it, so that the person doing the switching gets at least one step ahead of the other.
That’s about arguments. But the same is true for interviews or any question-and-answer process.
Once you understand the distinction between content and process, you can notice it constantly. For example, when Trump responded to questions at the Helsinki news conference, one of the problems as I see it is that he sometimes went content when he should have gone process. In this case, “process” would have been to have called the press on the nature of the question itself.
If you go back and look at the transcript of the press conference or read my post on the subject, you’ll see that most of Trump’s more talked-about remarks were made in the context of answering questions rather than during his prepared statements. And some of those questions were “gotcha” questions—as was the entire situation concerning the indictment of 12 Russians right before Trump’s meeting with Putin.
It had been obvious to anyone paying a particle of attention that the timing of the indictments was no accident. A trap was being set and Trump would be left with no good response to the inevitable questions about the subject that would be asked at the Trump-Putin press conference.
Here’s one exchange I’m referring to; the question asked of Trump was this:
Just now, President Putin denied having anything to do with the election interference in 2016. Every U.S. intelligence agency has concluded that Russia did.
What — who — my first question for you, sir, is who do you believe?
Trump had the following choices in terms of a content response:
(1) I believe our intelligence. In other words, Putin’s lying—and of course Putin was standing right there and the eyes of the world were on them both, so whatever negotiations and rapport that might have been established at their previous meeting would have probably been undone by a statement like that from Trump
(2) I believe Putin. In other words, our intelligence is lying, which would create another firestorm if he’d said it.
(3) I’m somewhere in-between. Trump actually chose door #3, which seemed safest, when he answered:
…I’ve been asking…for months…Where is the server? I want to know where is the server and what is the server saying?
With that being said, all I can do is ask the question. My people came to me, Dan Coates came to me and some others, they said they think it’s Russia. I have President Putin; he just said it’s not Russia.
I will say this: I don’t see any reason why it would be. But I really do want to see the server.
But I have — I have confidence in both parties. I — I really believe that this will probably go on for a while, but I don’t think it can go on without finding out what happened to the server…
So I have great confidence in my intelligence people, but I will tell you that President Putin was extremely strong and powerful in his denial today.
And what he did is an incredible offer. He offered to have the people working on the case come and work with their investigators with respect to the 12 people. I think that’s an incredible offer. OK?
But as you know, this resulted in an enormous hue and cry, and it pleased just about no one. It gave an opening to many people to declare that Trump was saying that he believes Putin over our intelligence, although he didn’t say that. But it was a reply from Trump that was neither fish nor fowl, and it was somewhat confusing as well.
I actually have sympathy for Trump’s position and the trap he was placed in, but Trump is usually very good at getting out of such traps. This time I think his instincts somewhat failed him, because I believe that the best way out would have been a process response rather than any sort of content response at all.
Now don’t get me wrong—I actually don’t think any answer Trump could have given would have failed to draw harsh criticism. So what I’m about to suggest would have drawn criticism too. But I believe it would have drawn criticism from fewer people, and I believe it would have been a course of action that would have given them the least ammunition possible.
Something like this sort of response is what I’m talking about:
We’re in Helsinki, we just had a conference between the heads of state of Russia and the US, and we talked about all kinds of extremely important and substantive issues which I mentioned in the address I just gave. But you’d like to get me to be accusatory towards Russia right now, or accusatory towards US intelligence agencies right now, and I won’t do either thing. I won’t play that game, although you’d like me to. I’m going to focus on the task at hand, and I’d like you to do that, too.
That’s a process response. It’s evasive and sidesteps the issue, to be sure, but it was an issue that needed to be sidestepped. There’s plenty of time to address it later, and Trump has already addressed it earlier as well.
Why didn’t Trump answer in that manner? I’m not sure, but I do know that he made a different decision. What motivated him? The issue of Russian interference in the 2016 election isn’t a neutral one for Trump. In addition to the more general issues involving the US and the protection of its election process, the topic has more personal elements. The first is the accusation that Russian interference was biased in favor of Trump and therefore he didn’t really win the election. It has the potential to taint his victory, and that’s certainly very personal. The second related personal element is the charge that Trump actually colluded with them to do it.
Those two personal elements probably account for Trump’s repeated need to deny that Russian interference happened at all. Most people think not only that Russians meddled with our 2016 election but that they’ve been meddling in our elections for a long long time—as have other countries—and that we meddle in the elections of other countries as well. That seems pretty obvious, actually (although I doubt their meddling mattered in the outcome of our 2016 election).
So why deny it? Well, I just stated the special reasons Trump has for denying this particular act of alleged interference.
In addition, at this point, why would anyone trust our intelligence agencies? I used to trust them, for the most part. But no longer.
They’ll make a conspiracy theorist of me yet.